CNET is the world's leader in tech product reviews, news, prices, videos, forums, how-tos and more. Xbox Series S will launch at $299 Stimulus check calculator Apple's online-only event.
If you can't wait to get your hands on Apple's new Mac OS, here's how to download Catalina and install it. Catalina will bring updated music and photos apps. Screenshot Clifford Colby/CNET. Global Nav Open Menu Global Nav Close Menu; Apple; Shopping Bag +. Search Support. Software reviews, ratings, and prices at CNET. Find the Software that is right for you. Aug 31, 2020.
A Macintosh clone is a computer running the Mac OS operating system that was not produced by Apple Inc. The earliest Mac clones were based on emulators and reverse-engineered Macintosh ROMs. During Apple's short lived Mac OS 7 licensing program authorized Mac clone makers were able to either purchase 100% compatible motherboards or build their own hardware using licensed Mac reference designs.
Since Apple's switch to the Intel platform, many non-Apple Wintel/PC computers are technologically so similar to Mac computers that they are able to boot the Mac operating system using a varying combination of community-developed patches and hacks. Such a Wintel/PC computer running macOS is more commonly referred to as a Hackintosh and the most popular community effort developing and sharing the requisite software patches is known as OSx86.[citation needed]
Background[edit]
The Apple II and IBM PC computer lines were 'cloned' by other manufacturers who had reverse-engineered the minimal amount of firmware in the computers' ROM chips and subsequently legally produced computers that could run the same software.[1] These clones were seen by Apple as a threat, as Apple II sales had presumably suffered from the competition provided by Franklin Computer Corporation and other clone manufacturers,[1] both legal and illegal. At IBM, the threat proved to be real: most of the market eventually went to clone-makers, including Compaq, Leading Edge, Tandy, Kaypro, Packard Bell, Amstrad in Europe, and dozens of smaller companies, and in short order IBM found it had lost control over its own platform.[citation needed]
Apple eventually licensed the Apple II ROMs to other companies, primarily to educational toy manufacturer Tiger Electronics in order to produce an inexpensive laptop with educational games and the AppleWorks software suite: the Tiger Learning Computer (TLC). The TLC lacked a built-in display.[2] Its lid acted as a holster for the cartridges that stored the bundled software, as it had no floppy drive.[2]
Emulators[edit]
Long before true clones were available, the Atari ST could emulate a Mac by adding the third-party Magic Sac emulator, released in 1985, and, later, the Spectre, Spectre GCR, and Aladin emulators. The first three of those emulators required that the user purchase a set of Mac ROMs sold as system upgrades to Macintosh users. Later, multiple emulators were released for the Amiga.[3]
Starting with the sales of PowerPC Macs, a CPU emulator to run 68000 applications was built into the Mac OS. By the time 68060 processors were available, PowerPC Macs became so powerful that they ran 68000 applications faster than any 68000-based computer, including any Amiga, Atari ST or Sharp X68000, making it unnecessary for Apple to release a 68060-equipped Mac. This means even a 68060-upgraded Atari ST clone or Amiga, which avoid CPU emulation, were always slower, on top of causing some programs not to work thanks to imperfect virtualization of the Mac system and remaining machine components.[4]
Connectix also released another 68k emulator for Macs, replacing the original, called Speed Doubler, supposedly reported to be even faster than Apple's. As the years went by, the emulator wasn't updated to work with later versions of the original Mac OS, however, supposedly because Apple's own 68k emulator eventually surpassed it in performance, and the OS itself relied further on native PowerPC code with each new Mac OS update.
There was also a software emulator for x86 platforms running DOS/Windows and Linux called Executor, from ARDI. ARDI reverse-engineered the Mac ROM and built a 68000 CPU emulator, enabling Executor to run most (but not all) Macintosh software, from System 5 to System 7, with good speed. The migration from 68000 to PowerPC, and the added difficulties of emulating a PowerPC on x86 platforms, made targeting the later Mac OS versions impractical.
Early Macintosh, ROM-based clones[edit]
Wary of repeating history and wanting to retain tight control of its product, Apple's Macintosh strategy included technical and legal measures that rendered production of Mac clones problematic. The original Macintosh system software contained a very large amount of complex code, which embodied the Mac's entire set of APIs, including the use of the GUI and file system. Through the 1980s and into the 1990s, much of the system software was included in the Macintosh's physical ROM chips. Therefore, any competitor attempting to create a Macintosh clone without infringing copyright would have to reverse-engineer the ROMs, which would have been an enormous and costly process without certainty of success. Only one company, Nutek, managed to produce 'semi-Mac-compatible' computers in the early 1990s by partially re-implementing System 7 ROMs.[5]
This strategy, making the development of competitive Mac clones prohibitively expensive, successfully shut out manufacturers looking to create computers that would directly compete with Apple's product lines. However, companies like Outbound Systems, Dynamac and Colby Systems, were able to sidestep the Mac cloning process by targeting high-end, high-profit market segments without suitable product offerings from Apple and offering Mac conversions instead.[6][7][8]
In the early 1980s, Brazil's military dictatorship instituted trade restrictions that prohibited the importation of computers from overseas manufacturers, and these restrictions were not lifted until 1993. A Brazilian company called Unitron (which had previously produced Apple II clones) developed a Macintosh clone with specifications similar to the Mac 512K, and proposed to put it on sale. Although Unitron claimed to have legitimately reverse-engineered the ROMs and hardware, and Apple did not hold patents covering the computer in Brazil, Apple claimed the ROMs had simply been copied.[9] Ultimately, under pressure from the US government and local manufacturers of PC clones the Brazilian Computer and Automation Council did not allow production to proceed.[10]
The following companies produced unlicensed Mac clones:
| Company | Products |
|---|---|
| NuTek | One, Duet |
| Unitron | Mac 512 |
Licensed Macintosh clones[edit]
In 1992, Macworld published an editorial stating that Apple clones were coming, and that the company should license its technology to others so it would benefit as the overall Macintosh market grew.[11]
By 1995, Apple Macintosh computers accounted for around 7% of the worldwide desktop computer market. Apple executives decided to launch an official clone program in order to expand Macintosh market penetration. Apple's Mac OS 7 licensing program entailed the licensing of the Macintosh ROMs and system software to other manufacturers, each of which agreed to pay a flat fee for a license, and a royalty (initially US$50 (equivalent to $83.89 in 2019)) for each clone computer they sold. This generated quick revenues for Apple during a time of financial crisis.[12]
From early 1995 through mid-1997, it was possible to buy PowerPC-based clone computers running Mac OS, most notably from Power Computing. However, by 1996 Apple executives were worried that high-end clones were cannibalizing sales of their own high-end computers, where profit margins were highest.[12]
A total of 75 distinct Macintosh clone models are known to have been introduced during the licensee era.[13]
The following companies produced licensed Mac clones:
| Company | Products |
|---|---|
| Akia | MicroBook Power |
| APS Technology | M*Power |
| Bandai | Atmark, @World (Apple Pippin) |
| Centralen Norrland | Reid |
| Centro HL | MacOS Clones |
| ComJet | PowerCity |
| Computer Warehouse | B-Machine, Boston, Cannes, Harvard, Hollywood, Manhattan, Nashville, New York, Paris, Rome, Stanford |
| DayStar Digital | Genesis, MP-Card 'nPower', Millenium |
| DynaTec Memory Systems GmbH | Junior, 5/300, 10/300 |
| Gravis Computervertriebsgesellschaft mbH | MT, TT, TT Pro, Gravision Four |
| International Computer | IC 3, IC 4 |
| Katz Media | KMP 2000 (Apple Pippin) |
| Mactell | Twister, Typhoon, XB, XB-Pro, PowerJolt Upgrade, PowerJolt OverDrive Upgrade |
| MacWay | Starway |
| MacWorks | Millenium, Millenium G3 |
| Marathon Computer, Inc. | Rack Mac |
| Maxxboxx Datasystems | MaxxBoxx 730/200, 790/Tanzania, 860/nitro, 930/mocca, 960/tsunami |
| Motorola Computer Group | StarMax 3000, 4000, 5000 |
| Pioneer Corporation | MPC-GX1, MPC-LX200 |
| PIOS Computer AG | Keenya, Magna, Maxxtrem, Magna Card Upgrade, Joecard Upgrade |
| PotzBits | PotzBits 975, 985 |
| Power Dome | Alternate 4200, 4233, 4250 |
| Power Computing Corporation | Power, PowerBase, PowerCenter/Pro, PowerCurve, PowerTower/Pro, PowerWave |
| PowerEx | StepMAC |
| PowerTools | Infinity, X-Factor, X-Force |
| Radius | System 100, System 81/110 |
| RedBox | Expression 604e |
| Shaye | Shaye 200, Shaye 200/II |
| Storm | Challenger, Mercury, Surge, G3 Upgrade-Cards |
| Tatung Company | TPC |
| UMAX Technologies / Supermac | C500, C600, J700, J710, S900, S910, Aegis, Apus, Centauri, Pulsar |
| Vertegri | QuickTower, ImediaEngine |
| VisionPower | PowerExpress, PowerExtreme, PowerMax Pro |
Jobs ends the official program[edit]
Soon after Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997, he personally tried to renegotiate licensing deals more favorable to Apple five times over the course of three weeks and in his words each time was 'basically told to pound sand'.[14] This response caused him to halt negotiations of upcoming licensing deals with OS licensees that Apple executives complained were still financially unfavorable.[15]
Because the clone makers' licenses were valid only for Apple's System 7 operating system, Apple's release of Mac OS 8 left the clone manufacturers without the ability to ship a current Mac OS version and effectively ended the cloning program.[16] Apple bought Power Computing's Mac clone business for US$100,000,000 (equivalent to $159,266,169 in 2019), ending the clone era.[17] Only UMAX ever obtained a license to ship Mac OS 8, which expired in July 1998.[12] Reportedly, a heated telephone conversation between Jobs and Motorola CEO Christopher Galvin resulted in the contentious termination of Motorola's clone contract, and the long-favored Apple being demoted to 'just another customer' mainly for PowerPC CPUs.[18]
In 1999, Jobs had discussions with Ben Rosen, Chairman and interim CEO of Compaq at the time, for the world's then-largest Wintel PC manufacturer to license Mac OS, which would have been a coup for Apple. However no agreement was reached, as Apple had second thoughts about licensing its 'crown jewel', while Compaq did not want to offend Microsoft, which it had partnered with since its founding in 1982. By 2007, five years after Compaq merged with HP, Rosen told Jobs he had switched to being a Mac user.[19]
In 2001, Jobs reportedly had a meeting with Sony executives, saying he was 'willing to make an exception' for Sony VAIO to run Mac OS X, although the negotiations later fell through.[20]
Unlicensed Macintosh clones[edit]
Since Apple transitioned the Macintosh to an Intel platform in 2006, and subsequent to a major increase in visibility and a gain in computer market share for Apple with the success of the iPod, large computer system manufacturers such as Dell have expressed renewed interest in creating Macintosh clones.[21] While various industry executives, notably Michael Dell, have stated publicly that they would like to sell Macintosh-compatible computers, Apple VP Phil Schiller said the company does not plan to let people run Mac OS X (macOS) on other computer makers' hardware. 'We will not allow running Mac OS X on anything other than an Apple Mac,' he said.[22]
Hackintosh[edit]
When Apple migrated to the PC-Intel platform in the mid 2000s, Apple hardware was more or less the same as generic PC hardware from a platform perspective. This theoretically allowed for installation of Mac OS X on non-Apple hardware. Hackintosh is the term appropriated by hobbyist programmers, who have collaborated on the Internet to install versions of Mac OS X v10.4 onwards – dubbed Mac OSx86 – to be used on generic PC hardware rather than on Apple's own hardware. Apple contends this is illegal under the DMCA, so in order to combat illegal usage of their operating system software, they continue to use methods to prevent Mac OS X (now macOS) from being installed on unofficial non-Apple hardware, with mixed success. At present, with proper knowledge and instruction, macOS installation is more or less straightforward. Several online communities have sprung up to support end-users who wish to install macOS on non-Apple hardware. Some representative examples of these are Dortania and InsanelyMac.
Psystar Corporation[edit]
In April 2008, Psystar Corporation based in Miami, Florida, announced the first commercially available OSx86, a Wintel/PC computer with Mac OS X Leopard pre-installed[23] partially with software from the OSx86 community project.[24]Apple immediately sued in July 2008[25] and a protracted legal battle followed, ending in November 2009 with a summary judgement against Psystar.[26][27] In May 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court denied Psystar's appeal, closing the case for good.[28]
Macintosh conversion[edit]
Unlike Mac clones that contain little or no original Applehardware, a Mac conversion is an aftermarket enclosure kit that requires the core components of a previously purchased, genuine Apple Mac computer, such as the Macintosh ROM or the motherboard, in order to become a functional computer system. This business model is most commonly used in the car industry, with one of the most famous examples being the Shelby Mustang, a high performance variant of the Ford Mustang, and is protected[29] in the U.S. by the First-sale doctrine and similar legal concepts in most other countries.
While Mac clones traditionally aim to compete directly with Apple's solutions through lower prices,[30] Mac conversions target market segments that lack dedicated solutions from Apple, and where the need for a Mac solution is high enough to justify the combined cost of the full price of the Mac donor computer plus the price of the conversion kit & labor.[31][32]
The following companies produced Mac conversions:
| Company | Products |
|---|---|
| Assistive Technology, Inc. | Freestyle |
| Axiotron, Inc. | Modbook 100, Modbook 150 |
| Colby Systems | Classmate, WalkMac SE, WalkMac SE-30 |
| Cutting Edge | Quatro 850 |
| Dynamac | Dynamac, Dynamac EL, Dynamac SE, Dynamac IIsf |
| Hardware Research, Inc. | Rack Mounted Mac |
| Intelitec Systems Corp. | MX Plus |
| Marathon Computer, Inc. | iRack, PowerRack |
| McMobile | McMobile |
| Modbook Inc. | Modbook Pro, Modbook Pro X |
| Outbound | Laptop, Notebook |
| Sixty Eight Thousand, Inc. | Dash 30fx, Dash 40Q |
| Uchishiba Seisakusho, Inc. | BookcaSE |
As of September 2017, Modbook Inc. is the only company offering Mac conversions.
References[edit]
- ^ abCoventry, Joshua (2006-12-05). 'Apples From Other Orchards'. Low End Mac. Retrieved 2007-03-04.Cite has empty unknown parameter:
|coauthors=(help) - ^ abOwad, Tom (2004-01-19). 'Tiger Learning Computer'. Applefritter. Retrieved 2007-03-04.Cite has empty unknown parameter:
|coauthors=(help) - ^'The Official ShapeShifter Home Page'.
- ^'The PowerPC Triumph'. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
- ^'MacOS-Compatible Systems: NuTek'. EveryMac.com. Retrieved 2006-05-25.
- ^Eric Taub (1991), 'Taking your Mac on the road: Outbound Laptop System - Hardware Review - alternative to Apple Macintosh Portable from Outbound Systems Inc - evaluation', Home Office Computing
- ^O'Connor, Rory J. (24 November 1986), 'Apple Backs Portable Mac By Dynamac- First Mac Laptop To Gain Approval', InfoWorld, p. 5
- ^Flynn, Laurie (31 October 1988), 'Colby to Sell SE Model of Walk-Mac- Plans for Authorized Apple Dealers to Install Spare Motherboards', InfoWorld, p. 8
- ^'Unitron Mac 512: A Contraband Mac 512K from Brazil'. low end mac. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
- ^da Costa Marques, Ivan (2003), 'O caso Unitron e condições de inovação tecnológica no Brasil'(PDF), Proceedings of the 5th Brazilian Congress of Economic History and the 6th International Conference on Business History (in Portuguese), Brazilian Economic History Society, archived from the original(PDF) on 2004-12-08
- ^Borrell, Jerry (May 1992). 'Opening Pandora's Box'. Macworld. pp. 21–22.
- ^ abcLinzmayer, Owen W. (2004-01-01). Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company. pp. 254–256. ISBN1-59327-010-0.
- ^Pogue, David; Schorr, Joseph (1999). MacWorld Mac Secrets, 5th Edition. IDG Books. p. 453. ISBN0-7645-4040-8.
- ^October 1997 Seybold Seminar
- ^Gruman, Galen (November 1997). 'Why Apple Pulled the Plug'. Macworld. 14 (11). pp. 31–36.
- ^Beale, Steven (October 1997). 'Mac OS 8 Ships with No License Deal'. Macworld. 14 (10). pp. 34–36.
- ^Beale, Steven (November 1997). 'Apple Eliminates the Top Clone Vendor'. Macworld. 14 (11). pp. 30–31.
- ^Carlton, Jim (April 14, 1998). 'Jobs Makes Headway at Apple, But Not Without Much Turmoil'. Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
- ^Musil, Steven (2011-10-23). 'Jobs reportedly wanted Compaq to license Mac OS'. CNET.
- ^Souppouris, Aaron (2014-02-05). 'Steve Jobs wanted Sony VAIOs to run OS X'. The Verge. Retrieved 2014-07-08.
- ^'Dell: We Would License Mac OS'. betanews.com. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
- ^'Apple throws the switch, aligns with Intel'. CNET. Retrieved 2005-06-06.
- ^Psystar Releases Mac Clone
- ^Patel, Nilay (2008-04-16). 'OSx86 Project not too happy with Psystar either'. Engadget. Retrieved Sep 17, 2008.
- ^Fried, Ina (2008-07-15). 'Apple sues clone maker Psystar'. CNET News. CBS Corporation. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
- ^Elmer-DeWitt, Philip (2009-11-14). 'Apple wins clone suit'. CNN Money. Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
- ^Keizer, Greg (2009-11-15). 'Apple Wins Court Victory Over Mac Clone Maker Psystar'. Pc World. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
- ^'CERTIORARI -- SUMMARY DISPOSITION'(PDF).
- ^'Copyright Infringement -- First Sale Doctrine'. Offices of the United States Attorneys. Retrieved Sep 28, 2017.
- ^'Apple Squeezes Mac Clones Out of the Market'. Low End Mac.
- ^Spiegelman, Lisa L. (2008-04-16). 'Makers Proceed Despite Apple's Refusal to Sell Motherboards'. INFOWORLD:Macintosh News.
- ^'Makers Proceed Despite Apple's Refusal to Sell Motherboards'. Low End Mac. 2016-07-05.
External links[edit]
- Mac Clones and New O/S movie from archive.org
- Mac Clones by Manufacturer (at EveryMac.com)
- Macintosh clones (at LowEndMac.com)
- Infos on all macs and clones (incl. details on some mainboard PCBs / at MacInfo.de)
- Apple Squeezes Mac Clones Out of the Market (at LowEndMac.com)
- 'Dynamac (Macintosh clone), 360 degree model', Russian Vintage Laptop Museum (museum)
| Downloads | |
| Owner | CBS Interactive (ViacomCBS) |
|---|---|
| Created by | CNET |
| URL | download.cnet.com |
| Alexa rank | 42,275 (October 2018)[1] |
| Commercial | Yes |
| Registration | Optional |
| Launched | February 24, 1996; 24 years ago[2] |
| Current status | Active |
Download.com is an Internetdownload directory website launched in 1996 as a part of CNET. Originally, the domain was download.com, which became download.com.com for a while, and is now download.cnet.com. The domain download.com attracted at least 113 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study.[3]
Mac Freeware Software
Overview[edit]
The offered content is available in four major categories: software (including Windows, Mac and mobile), music, games, and videos, offered for download via FTP from Download.com's servers or third-party servers. Videos are streams (at present) and music was all free MP3 downloads, or occasionally rights-managedWMAs or streams until it was replaced with last.fm.
The Software section includes over 100,000 freeware, shareware, and try-first downloads. Downloads are often rated and reviewed by editors and contain a summary of the file from the software publisher. Registered users may also write reviews and rate the product. Software publishers are permitted to distribute their titles via CNET's Upload.com site for free, or for a fee structure that offers enhancements.
CNet uses Spigot Inc to monetize the traffic to download.com. According to Sean Murphy, a General Manager at CNet, 'Spigot continues to be a great partner to Download.com, sharing our desire to balance customer experience with revenue.'[4]
Malware distribution[edit]
In August 2011, Download.com introduced an installation manager called CNET TechTracker for delivering many of the software titles from its catalog.[5] This installer included trojans and bloatware, such as toolbars.[6][7][8] CNET admitted in their download FAQ that 'a small number of security publishers have flagged the Installer as adware or a potentially unwanted application'.[9]
In December 2011, Gordon Lyon, writing under his pseudonym Fyodor wrote of his strong dislike of the installation manager and the bundled software. His post was very popular on social networks, and was reported by a few dozen media. The main problem is the confusion between the content offered on Download.com[10][11][unreliable source?] and the software offered by the original authors; the accusations included deception as well as copyright and trademark violation.[11]
Mac Freeware
In 2014, The Register and US-CERT warned that via download.com's 'foistware', an 'attacker may be able to download and execute arbitrary code'.[12] In 2015, research by Emsisoft suggested that all free download providers bundled their downloads with potentially unwanted software, and that Download.com was the worst offender.[13]
A study done by How-To Geek in 2015 revealed that Download.com was packaging malware inside their installers. The test was done in a virtual machine where the testers downloaded the Top 10 apps. These all contained crapware/malware; one example was the KMPlayer installer, which installed a rogue antivirus named 'Pro PC Cleaner' and attempted to execute WajamPage.exe. Some downloads, specifically YTD, were completely blocked by Avast.[14]
Another study done by How-To Geek in 2015 revealed that Download.com was installing fake SSL certificates inside their installers, similar to the LenovoSuperfish certificate. These fake certificates can completely compromise SSL encryption and allow man-in-the-middle attacks.[15]
However, in July 2016, How-To Geek discovered that Download.com no longer included adware/malware in its downloads and that its Installer program had been discontinued.[16]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Cnet Mac Downloads Free
- ^'Download.com Traffic, Demographics and Competitors - A lexa'. www.alexa.com. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
- ^'Download.com WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info - DomainTools'. WHOIS. Retrieved 2016-07-20.
- ^'Download.com attracts over 100m visitors yearly'. Archived from the original on 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
- ^'Search Extensions'. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
- ^'Download App - Free download and software reviews - CNET Download.com'. Cnet.com. Retrieved 2015-05-04.
- ^'Download.com wraps downloads in bloatware, lies about motivations'. ExtremeTech. Retrieved 2015-05-04.
- ^Neal, Dave (December 6, 2011). 'Cnet is accused of bundling malware with downloads'. The Inquirer. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
- ^Parrish, Kevin (December 7, 2011). 'CNET Accused of Bundling Software Downloads with Trojans'. Tom's Guide. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
- ^CNET Download Installer
- ^Brian Krebs (2011-12-06). 'Download.com Bundling Toolbars, Trojans?'. Krebs on security. Retrieved 2015-05-04.
- ^ abGordon Lyon (2012-06-27). 'Download.com Caught Adding Malware to Nmap & Other Software'. Retrieved 2015-05-04.
we suggest avoiding CNET Download.com entirely
- ^Darren Pauli (2014-07-08). 'Insecure AVG search tool shoved down users' throats, says US CERT'. The Register. Retrieved 2015-05-04.
Sneaky 'foistware' downloads install things you never asked for
- ^'Mind the PUP: Top download portals to avoid'. EMSISOFT. March 11, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
- ^Lowell Heddings (2015-01-11). 'Here's What Happens When You Install The Top 10 Download.com Apps'. How-To Geek. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
- ^Lowell Heddings (2015-02-23). 'Download.com and Others Bundle Superfish-Style HTTPS Breaking Adware'. How-To Geek. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
- ^Chris Hoffman (2016-07-27). 'Download.com Has Finally Stopped Bundling Crapware'. How-To Geek. Retrieved August 8, 2016.